Abstract:
(pg 3840)
"Calcium orthophosphate scaffolds are
designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are
often porous and harbor different biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current
biomedical applications of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics include bone
augmentations, artificial bone grafts, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal
fusion, periodontal disease repairs and bone fillers after tumor surgery.
Perspective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering
purposes because calcium orthophosphates appear to be promising carriers of
growth factors, bioactive peptides and various types of cells."
Introduction:
(pg 3841)
"One should note that, in 2010, only in the
USA the sales of bone graft substitutes were valued at ~$1.3 billion with a
forecast of ~$2.3 billion by 2017 [5]"
[Ref No 5. US
Bone Grafts Market to Reach US$2.3 Billion by 2017, According to New Report by
Global Industry Analysts, Inc. Available online:
http://www.prweb.com/releases/bone_grafts/standard_
bone_allografts/prweb8953883.htm (accessed on 3 September, 2013).]
Biological
Properties and in Vivo Behavior: (pg 3871)
"It is important to stress, that a
distinction between the bioactive and bioresorbable bioceramics might be associated
with structural factors only. Namely, bioceramics made from non-porous, dense
and highly crystalline HA behaves as a bioinert (but a bioactive) material and
is retained in an organism for at least 5–7 years without noticeable changes
(Figure 2 bottom), while a highly porous bioceramics of the same composition
can be resorbed approximately within a year. Furthermore, submicron-sized HA
powders are biodegraded even faster than the highly porous HA scaffolds."
[Ref141. Okuda,
T.; Ioku, K.; Yonezawa, I.; Minagi, H.; Gonda, Y.; Kawachi, G.; Kamitakahara,
M.; Shibata, Y.; Murayama, H.; Kurosawa, H.; et al. The slow resorption with
replacement by bone of a hydrothermally synthesized pure calcium-deficient
hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 2719–2728.]
Conclusions and
Outlook: (pg 3888)
"In spite of the great progress, there is
still a great potential for major advances to be made in the field of calcium
orthophosphate bioceramics [910]. This includes requirements for:
1. Improvement of the mechanical performance of existing types of bioceramics.
2. Enhanced bioactivity in terms of gene activation.
3. Improvement in the performance of biomedical coatings in terms of their mechanical stability and ability to deliver biological agents.
4. Development of smart biomaterials capable of combining sensing with bioactivity.
5. Development of improved biomimetic composites."
1. Improvement of the mechanical performance of existing types of bioceramics.
2. Enhanced bioactivity in terms of gene activation.
3. Improvement in the performance of biomedical coatings in terms of their mechanical stability and ability to deliver biological agents.
4. Development of smart biomaterials capable of combining sensing with bioactivity.
5. Development of improved biomimetic composites."
[Ref No 910.
Vallet-Regí, M. Evolution of bioceramics within the field of biomaterials.
Comptes Rendus Chimie 2010, 13, 174–185]
"Furthermore, in future, it should be
feasible to design a new generation of gene-activating calcium orthophosphate
based scaffolds tailored for specific patients and disease states. Perhaps,
sometime bioactive stimuli will be used to activate genes in a preventative
treatment to maintain the health of aging tissues. Currently this concept seems
impossible. However, we need to remember that only ~40 years ago the concept of
a material that would not be rejected by living tissues also seemed impossible
[654]."
[Ref No
654.Hench, L.L. Challenges for bioceramics in the 21st century. Am. Ceram. Soc.
Bull. 2005, 84, 18–21.]
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